Additional Reading + Project Research: Black and White Photography

As I want to do my photography project in black and white, I thought it might be useful to learn a bit more about monochrome photography, its history and its popularity nowadays.
Black and white photography plays a major role in the history of photography in general.
The history of photography is very complex and it is quite difficult to determine THE moment when photography has been discovered, because it has been a long process with different stages, but in general we can record that  the oldest surviving permanent photograph of the image formed in a camera was created in  the 19th century,  in black and white and since then photography and film used to be completely in black and white until the 20th century with the development of colour photography. And although there used to be a period when people were more critical towards black and white photography and would rather prefer photographs in colour, monochrome photography has had kind of a renaissance in the past decades. One of the reasons for that could be, that black and white photography is basically the true foundation of photography, because it's all about light and shadows. Moreover, pictures in black and white convey a different message, because there are no colours that could distract the viewer and thus he immediately gets thrown into the deeper meaning of the picture instead of just looking at the colours and the surface of the image.
I think that the fact, that there is absolutely no distraction in black and white photography makes it especially interesting for my project, because I don't just want to convey a message, but I also want to make people aware of the dangers and the alienation and social isolation often related to hyper-connectivity. And as this is more of as serious topic, I think that black and white photography could help me to create a rather serious atmosphere that makes people think and reflect on what they've just seen.

Before deciding whether I should use normal pictures in colour or rather work with black and white photography, I analysed my two main inspirations again, Pickersgill's project REMOVED and Geiger's project SUR-FAKE, and I realized that Pickersgill's pictures in black and white just helped to convey a serious and alarming message that could maybe even shock people, whereas Geiger's photographs had a completely different atmosphere due to the strong use of colours.

Finally, I just did a lot of additionally research in different books and articles about black and white photography to make sure that I really understand what it means and two quotes particularly got my attention because I think that they perfectly sum up what makes this kind of photography so interesting for me:

'One of black-and-white photography's great joys and strengths is, that it offers a different world from the one we experience, with less going on in it and therefore more to explore in the image qualities that it does offer.' (Freeman, 2013)


'What the devotees of monochrome are discovering is that by reducing the image to just its tonal values, one is able to unearth a mystique that is missing when presenting the image in full colour. ' (Gallagher)


Reading: 
Donald Kahn - Photography: A Concise History

Michael Freeman - Black & White Photography Field Guide: The Essential Guide to the Art of Creating Black & White mages

Paul Gallagher - Exploring Black and White Photography: A Masterclass

Joy McKenzie - Exploring Basic Black and White Photography 

Project Research

When developing a photographic essay, it isn't enough to just come up with an idea and a topic you like and randomly start shooting! One of the main parts of developing a strong photographic project is the research you do on your topic to give your project a meaning and support it with academic research from different scholars. 

As for my topic, I first thought that it might be difficult to find a lot of academic material to support my ideas, because the issue of hyper-connectivity and social isolation caused by mobile phones is a pretty recent problem that has only started to appear with the rising development of new technologies. 

But, as I started looking online and scrolling through the Sussex library website, I realized that my concerns were completely unnecessary because it turned out that even though I'm presenting a very 'modern' problem in my project, there are a number of different scholars that have analysed the issue in depth. 

The use of mobile phones in our everyday life has become so ubiquitous that we sometimes don't even notice anymore when we take out our phones to check on social networks or send a text. 

Another interesting point I stumbled upon while reading through Michael Bull's articles about mobile spaces of sound, was the fact that he refers to bubbles when talking about the private space we create for ourselves when listening to music or being on our phones. 

I think that this is a very visual term that probably best describes the way we live with our phones. We live in our own bubbles, which is designated only for ourselves and thus those that are around us have no possibility of entering our bubble and probably create their own. In the 21st century, we actually live in a world full of those bubbles, of people all living in their very own world. 

I think that although these facts seem normal nowadays, one should nevertheless draw more attention to the growing isolation and loneliness that is created by our mobile phones. 

Nevertheless, phones are often seen as a useful device to keep in touch with friends and family that we can't see everyday for whatever reason. But what we don't realize is that, while trying to stay in touch with those that are far away, we often distance ourselves a lot from those closest to us, and this is also what Watson and Atuick (2015) talk about in their case study about the cell phone use among Bulsa of Ghana's Upper East region, when they say that: ''While cell phones help users connect with distant loved ones, they also plant seeds of alienation between users and those who remain physically present.'' 

Thus the space that we live in and that we could socialize and have face-to-face contact with other people becomes less important to us, meaning that 'speakers 'absent' themselves from the spaces they inhabit. In a world where most of us are talking to  'absent others' the street becomes a potentially lonelier place'. ( Bull, 2004).

This is exactly what I want to show in my pictures. I want people to not only see but also feel the alienation, isolation and loneliness that each and every phone user creates by constantly giving in to the need of being connected and online. 

In her book Turkle (2013) argues that: ''Our networked life allows us to hide from each other, even as we are tethered to each other''. The 'networked life' as a bubble or cocoon allows us to distance ourselves from each other, even when we're in the same room. 

And I guess that also the fact that so many scholars have already done a remarkable amount of research about this particular topic shows that it is something that we definitely have to become aware of and have an eye on in the future because this hyper-connectivity and the excessive phone use are things that could become really important issues in the next few years, especially in relation to interpersonal communication and social behaviour, but also in relation to our own identity. 

Reading: 
Robert, James A. ;Pullig, Chris ;Manolis Chris - I need my smartphone: A hierarchical model of personality and cell-phone addiction 

Watson, D. Marcus & Atuick, A. Evans - Cell Phones and Alienation among Bulsa of Ghana's Upper East Region: ''The Call Calls You Away 

Michael Bull - ''To each their own bubble'': mobile spaces of sound in the city

Sherry Turkle - Alone Together: Why We Expect More From Technology And Less From Each Other

Lighting & Flash Photography

A couple of weeks ago, we had a whole class about flash and lightning, an essential part of photography. Unfortunately, I haven't been able to attend the class and as I was reading through one of my friends notes, I felt like I've missed quite a lot of important information about flash and as it is kind of difficult to understand everything just by looking at the power point or other people's notes, I decided that I'm just going to do some additional research on the topic.
I think that, first of all, one of the keys to understanding how flash photography really works, is understanding the main terms associated with it and thus I've just created a little vocabulary list to simplify things a bit:

TTL (Through-the-lens) Flash system - metering through the lens; 'measures the light reflected off 
the sensor / flim directly and terminates the flash at the correct exposure'
Flash 'sync' - the right timing of the flash to illuminate the whole frame
Shutter Speed - how long the image is exposed to light / how fast the camera's shutter opens
 -> a long shutter speed captures movement
Aperture - opening hole through which light enters the camera
 -> to work out aperture: take distande to the subject and divide the guide number by that distance, to get the 'f-stop' 
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) - the ISO number represent a film's sensitivity to
light; the higher the number the more sensitive the film is to light and thus it needs less light to get a good exposure
Flash to Subject Distance - determines the flash exposure, because of the power of the light emitted by the flash itself
 -> GN (Guide Number) - amount of light the flash bursts off (aperture x distance) 
     -> the higher the GN, the brighter the light emitted by the flash
 -> Inverse Square Law - when the light travels from the flash towards the subject, the intensity of the  light falls off quite significantly

Reading: 

David Präkel - Basics Photography Lighting

Experimenting with Glitch

As mentioned in the previous post, we talked a lot about digital photography and databending in class. But we didn't only analyse it and saw examples, instead we also got the opportunity to experiment a bit on our own, which really helped to get a better understanding for glitch and databending. 

So we started of by something really easy, and just took a picture from online which we then transformed into glitch art by using a text editor program, 

Basically, we saved the image as .bmp, then opened it in the text editor and just made a few changes (copied a few lines, then pasted them at a different place). Afterwards, we just opened the image again and the result is this: 

Initial Image: 

Glitch:

After that, we did some databending using 'Audacity'. I took the same picture as before, then imported it into 'Audacity', which basically transformed the picture into a sound (not a really nice one though). Then I just modified the sound a bit, added some echos, etc... before exporting the file and transforming it into .bmp again. I thought the result would be much more significant than it actually is, because on my finally image you can't really see a lot of changes, but it was nevertheless a really interesting experience to actually transform a picture into a sound! 

Databending & Glitch + Image file formats

This weeks class was all about digital photography.

In contrast to analogue photographs, digital photography isn’t a printed picture, but it is a photograph or a series of photographs that appear on a screen. But, essentially digital photography is a lot more than that, it is a series of symbols and numbers, codes coming from the computer to the screen to place things at the right spot.  Thus, in digital photography, these codes replace the films that were used in analogue photography.  BUT one has to bear in mind, that the digital can never fully replicate the analogue version, in digital photography there is no such thing as a 100% replication. 

Moreover, there are a lot of different file types for digital images, and they all have there own variations on coding. Image files can be quite large sometimes and larger files basically mean more  disk space usage. 

Another thing that should be taken into account when talking about the many different file types is the number of different colours that an image contains, for instance, if an image has few colours a file type can be designed to exploit this as a way of reducing file size. 
Different image file formats include JPEG, RAW or TIFF whereas JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is by far the most common file format, because it uses lossy compression and thus enables us to compress data to be smaller than in the actual file. 

Talking about colours, one should also refer to the term 'bits of colours', meaning that in terms of colour we're only allowed a certain colours and a certain amount of  bits to represent those colours. 

Images in black and white, for instance, might only need one bit to represent each pixel, whereas more colourful images need far more, to create a clear representation. 

The more bits we're allowed to use, the better/clearer the picture becomes. 

Additionally, there is a number of other terms that we should pay attention to when referring to digital photography. Compression, for instance, is used to describe terms of cutting the size or squash down files. 

Different compression schemes can be lossy or lossless. 

Lossy would be the fact of loosing data through the compression process, whereas lossless means that there is no loss of data during compression. 

Databending (=manipulation) and glitch( (=corrupting data) are often related to digital photography and have been used by numerous artists and photographers to create very exceptional works of art that often rise questions of ownership. 

The german photographer Michael Wolf, for instance, captured the good and not so lovely aspects of life in cities.  He photographed commuters with their faces compressed against windows, meaning that he took pictures of strangers, which rises the question if he is allowed to photograph strangers without their permission. 

When talking about author - and ownership, one question comes up that is particularly interesting for the 'online generation' nowadays: What about the sharing and posting of pictures online and on social networks? A thing that most people a not aware of, is the fact that as soon as you post a picture on Facebook, it actually belongs to Facebook and this generally means that they are allowed to do with it what they want. The picture you posted three years ago of you and your friend in your bikinis on the beach could be used as an ad for a sex shop in Tokyo, shocking, isn't it? 

But I think that the issue of ownership and the controversial questions and discussions that it raises, are part of what makes photography so interesting! It isn't only about taking a picture and editing it. There are so many things and issues to take into account when posting, editing or sharing a picture!

As we're going to see in another post in more detail, in his article Culture of Connectivity, Jose van Dijk analyses this process of sharing pictures. By taking the example of the social platform Flickr, he tries to understand the reasons as well as the consequences of sharing pictures online, and thus he concludes by saying that :'The word ‘sharing’, much like the term ‘collective’, appears to be uncritically transposed from a context defined primarily by social interaction to an environment largely defined by digital platforms.'  Thus, one could say that often people aren't aware of the fact that 'sharing' in the digital world has a somewhat different meaning than it has in the real world, partly also because the internet is infinite and we can't really control who we are actually sharing our pictures with.

Reading: 

Jose van Dijk - Culture of Connectivity

Project Proposal

So as you could see in one of the previous posts, finding a project idea is not always as easy as it sounds. It requires a lot of reflection and time to come up with a topic that is interesting but also constitutes a solid base for a good photographic essay.

I decided that I'm not going to go with any of the ideas that I mentioned in one of my previous posts. Although I thought that most of them were quite good, once I actually really knew what a photographic essay was, I found it hard to decide for one of my ideas because I feel like most of them were too superficial and not thought-out enough.

Instead I decided for a topic that is really important to me, because it doesn't only influence my everyday life and my daily routine but also my studies as I'm studying Media&Communications.

I'm going to do my photography project about the influences of our phones in our everyday life and our interpersonal relations.

I think that a lot of people will be able to relate to this topic as most of us get confronted to this problematic every day.

Moreover, as we talked a lot about the influences of new technologies and mobile phones in my course, I already have a couple of readings that I could apply to strengthen my research, but I will definitely have to invest a lot more time and thinking to deepen my knowledge about the topic.

So in class last week, we had to present our project proposal by doing three different slides. The first one with all kinds of research material, including quotes, inspirational works from other photographers,etc... In the second slide we were then supposed to do a 50 word statement about the project and finally, in the third slide we had to include a test shot.

So in my first slide, I used two quotes which I think are really powerful when it comes to the influence of phones in our everyday life:

'' You need to develop the ability to just be yourself and not be doing something, that's what phones are taking away. The ability to just sit there, that's a person.'' (Louis C.K.)

''The difference between technology and slavery is that slaves are fully aware that they are not free.'' (Nassim Nichloas Taleb) 

Additionally, I also included my two main inspirations in this first slide. Antoine Geiger's project SUR-FAKE,  which I already mentioned in my post about inspirations. 

And Eric Pickersgill's project REMOVED

Both photographers have very different approaches to the topic. Whereas Geiger uses Photoshop to demonstrate how our faces get sucked by smartphones, Pickersgill photographs people in daily life situations but removes their phones. 

At this stage of my research I'm not quite sure in how far I'm going to use these inspirations in my final project, but nevertheless they are both really helpful to just think about how you can approach a topic in different ways. 

However in my second slide, I just talked about the aim of my project and made a short statement what my photographs should show: 

What this project should illustrate is, the alienation from ourselves and from those closest to us, caused by modern technologies. The aim is to show the isolation and the loneliness of people in company, created by the fact that they are more connected to their phones than to each other. 

And finally, my last shot just featured a test shot that I took a couple of days before when I went to have lunch with some of my friends. 

Well this shot is maybe not the greatest ever, especially also because it was taken with my phone camera, but nevertheless it shows more or less how I want to develop my project. 

I'm pretty sure that I'm going to do the whole project in black and white because I just think that it creates a more serious atmosphere that totally focuses on the issue and because I feel like often when I look at a photographic essay in colour, I dedicate more attention to the colours than to actual topic, which should definitely not be the case. 

Moreover, what one can also partly see in this shot is that I want to not only show people together, but alone, because of their phones, but I also want to show the different places and scenarios, just as Pickersgill did in his project by photographing people either in their beds, in a restaurant or on the couch. 

I know that my project will need a lot more research and thinking to make it a really good photographic essay. But nevertheless I feel like I've already created a solid base for the project and I'm really excited to just go out and take my pictures. 

Photoshop Basics

The art of photography isn't only defined by grabbing a camera and taking pictures, it also includes editing and modifying photographs and the most common way to do this is with Adobe Photoshop.

As I had Communication Design last term, I already had to work a lot with Photoshop, but I have to admit that I'm still struggling a lot with the program, especially as there are a million different tools, which make it different to kind of get an overview.

However, in our photography class last week, we started to experiment with Photoshop by just messing around with some of the basic tools, that are probably also some of the most useful ones to edit pictures.

I think one of the most important things about Photoshop are the different layers, which enable you to insert pretty much anything you want, let things flow into each other or mess around with the colours in a picture.

So in this first picture, we tried to create a kind of contrast by putting a black and white layer over the initial photograph, before using the eraser tool to just point out and put the focus on one particularly colourful object in the picture.

As you can see, I used a picture from our field trip a couple of weeks ago from one of the guys in my photography class and just focused on his red hat.

Afterwards, we again worked with different layers to, first create one single landscape by uniting two different ones and then, insert an object into that landscape.

So we used a different layer for each of our landscapes and then again just used the eraser tool to erase half of the second landscape so that one half of the first landscape could show through.

As you can see I used quite different landscapes to really show the difference.

After that we used another layer to insert an object. in my case a minion. We then used different tools to delete the white background of the minion picture and then use different shadows so that the minion looks as realistic as possible.

The last thing we learned might not be necessary for our photography projects for this term, but I think it was nevertheless really interesting and kind of the cliché of what people think Photoshop is used for. So, we learned how to do all kinds of beauty transformations, such as change the body proportions, the eye colours or remove pimples. 

Unfortunately, I forgot to save the example where I changed the eye colours, so here you have a picture in which I used the patch tool to remove acne and pimples from the person's face. 

                                                     BEFORE ->











<- AFTER












NOTE:
Working with Photoshop for the first time can be confusing at times and it might not always be easy to know how to deal with all the tools or figure out what tool to use for what. 
I have made this experience so often last term during my Communication Design classes, and a really helpful tip is to just go on Youtube and look for tutorial videos. You can find a video with detailed descriptions for pretty much every Photoshop tool, and this makes working with Photoshop a lot easier and more pleasant especially when you are a beginner. 

Collecting ideas

As soon as I saw that I was going to take this photography class in spring term, I started thinking about all kinds of different ideas that I could use for my final project. 

There were literally a million brilliant things going through my head and I felt inspired by so many things I saw either in my daily life or while scrolling through the internet looking for inspiration.

I started writing down my ideas in a few bullet points so I could actually look at them over and over again after every photography class and then slowly decide which ones would get into the shortlist. 

So here are all the ideas I collected over the last few weeks and months: 

1. The hidden everyday -> take everyday objects (ex.: bench, traffic lights, etc...) and work with a low depth of field to emphasize only that very object, showing it in much more detail and thus creating a way of looking differently at everyday objects

2. Looking at life from a different perspective -> take pictures at random everyday places, but instead of taking them from a normal perspective I thought it would be interesting to just lay down on the floor to take the photographs

3. Consumerism -> show how we are constantly influenced and manipulated in order to consume and buy products that we often don't even need

4. Otherness -> Race, Homosexuality, Disabilities, Street artists, etc...

5. Different faces -> inspired by Rainer Maria Rilke's extract 'I'm learning to see' from The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge, I wanted to work with different facial expressions and emotions to show how each and every human being has different faces and multiple 'masks', that they wear for different occasions

6. Beauty standards  -> what society perceives as beautiful and how trying to satisfy these standards can degrade a woman

7. Landscapes/ Sunsets  -> show the deeper meaning of landscape photography, inspired by the readings from week 5 about cultural imaginaries and landscape photography

So, as you can see, I had a bunch of ideas, but I guess that I kind of underestimated this project at first, because although all of these ideas might be good and some of them could maybe develop into a serious final project, I didn't really realize that I have to do much more research to find a topic that could really become the base for a good project. 

The thing about my assignment is, that it has to be a photographic essay, meaning that each picture has to have it's own story and it's own meaning that contributes to the general theme of my project. 

Most of the ideas I've had so far can't work out as a project because although they might be good for one or two shots, they don't form a good photographic essay in which every picture is different and yet all of them touch upon the same topic. 

So what I've learned from these past weeks of gathering ideas and thinking about my project is that it needs time to come up with a thematic that doesn't only sound good but also constitutes a good base for a good photographic essay. 

Cultural imaginaries & landscape photography

Unfortunately I wasn't able to go to class on Friday. But I asked someone to send me their notes so that today I'm just trying to do some research about last weeks topic on my own and tell you something about landscape photography.

The topic relates to photographers editing their pictures to kind of create an imaginary landscape.

Originally, landscape photography was mostly used to denote the background of a subject and in landscape photography there is usually an absence of human presence.

And although this type of photography often captures nature it can also feature 'man-made' disturbance of a natural landscape.

But all in all, landscape photography just captures different spaces within our world; sometimes massive and unending, sometimes small and microscopic.

Landscape pictures thus often seem boring when we first look at them, but cultural imaginaries & landscape photography make us construct narratives by ourselves, using not only our eyes, but mainly our brain when looking at a landscape photograph. Every landscape picture has a particular purpose and tells a story, and it is the viewer's job the decode that story or even become a storyteller himself and invent his own story about the landscape.

Esteban Pastorino Diaz

The South American photographer, born in 1972 in Buenos Aires, is known for editing his landscapes to look unreal/surreal. Thus some of the photographs he took of planes, for instance, look as though he had photographed a massive toy. He uses different perspectives and thus creates new ways of seeing.

This technique of making real life objects look like toys is often referred to as 'tilt-shift' photography.

He has a special blur in his pictures, that put the focus of his pictures on what he wants us to see, all the things in everyday life that we miss out on in our daily life.

I think this message that he wants to bring across with his photography and the blur in his pictures, are really interesting and powerful. It makes me realize that we should take every little thing that we see into account and maybe not just walk past and miss out on so many great things.

Diaz is a real inspiration, and I could definitely imagine doing a similar project, because I feel like this kind of landscape photography carries such an important and strong message.

'The capacity to register time is, indeed, the most important aspect I wish to emphasize. This aspect becomes evident when temporality is distorted and I create a fiction of the extension of the photographic instant and it is the extreme expansion of such instant that evidences this capacity.' (Esteban Pastorino Diaz)

Lauren Marsolier

The french artist creates 'psychological ' landscapes of the physical world by a juxtaposition of 'unrelated' fragments and objects which have been individually photographed and composed over time.

This juxtaposition of  photographic elements engages the viewer by the representation of a mental transition, meaning that by emphasizing one element in the picture, the viewer doesn't have any possibility of escape, he has to look at that very object and think about it.

'Located somewhere between fiction and reality, her  images represent a mental landscape affected by a world of constant change'.

Her depopulated landscapes give the viewer a feeling of 'dissonance and 'disorientation', which is caused by the constant shifts in our lives, due to which we can no longer completely identify with the spaces surrounding us. 

What Marsolier creates with her work is a new form of abstraction in modern life in which images and signs take a life separate to our normal notions of 'real'.

What makes her work so special in my eyes is the fact that, by taking pictures of simple objects, as for instance a house, Marsolier creates an enormous meaning and gives the viewer the possibility to engage in a thinking process about himself and the world around him with its constant changes.

Mishak Henner

The photographer, born in Belgium but now living in the UK, is considered as one of the greater photographers of the Internet and the digital age. He redefines the role of photography in the Internet age by working a lot with Google Earth, Google Maps and Street View to show the viewer what is often hidden in plain sight.  

About his project 'No Man's Land', that operated with Streetview and uncovered even 'the more unsavory aspects of contemporary urban life', Henner said that "I’d like to think that a project like "No Man’s Land" introduces a radically different notion of Street View. There’s a utopian dogma related to a lot of new technology and it should be counterbalanced with a healthy dose of dystopia."

Additionally, his work often shows his concern for themes such as identity, the information age and exploitation, especially with regards to America. This is particularly obvious in his remake of Robert Franks' photography book The Americans, where Henner has erased a lot of the original content, just leaving blank outlines where the faces, buildings and people were and renamed it 'Less Américains'.

I think one of the main things that I've learned from this research about landscape photography is summarized by Victor Burgin : 

'Seeing is not an activity divorced from the rest of consciousness'

We never just look at something without thinking about it. Seeing involves thoughts, it involves stories that we make up about the object we see and it involves become aware of ourselves, the world around us and the changes that take place without us even noticing. 

Reading: 

Victor Burgin - Thinking Photography: Photography, Phantasy, Function

Shop Task

Yesterday we went to Brighton to do the shop task. So basically we just had to find an independent shop or coffee place and ask the owner if we can take pictures. Doesn't sound very challenging, does it? Well it wasn't that easy after all, because it can be kind of frightening and awkward walking up to strangers and asking them if you can take pictures of them and their working place. 

And this was also the main aim of this task: getting over our anxiety and just walk up to people and talk to them and ask if you can shoot with them, because depending on the final project  that we choose, this might be necessary. 

So we went to an independent coffee shop called 'moksha café' and asked the people working there if we could shoot in the shop. Luckily, they were happy to help us and so we managed to get a couple of good shots that illustrate the place, its main features, but also the waiters serving people and making coffee. 

1.So this first shot is a head and shoulder shot from one of the people who works in the shop. As he is wearing an apron and you can see coffee bags in the bag and on the left side of the picture, I feel like this shot perfectly illustrates the waiter in his working environment .

2. Next, we took a wider shot of the same waiter in the shop, at work. As you can see, the picture is a bit blurred, but this is on purpose. We worked with slow shutter speed to have a kind of movement in the photograph and thus convey an atmosphere of stress and hectic that often dominates the coffee shop during rush hours. 

3.Our third shot, features another waiter at work, making coffee. (We didn't use the same waiter in every shot because they were all quite busy, so we asked all three of them and just took the opportunity whenever one of them was free work a second.)

4. The fourth photograph shows another waitress serving clients at the till, again we worked with a low shutter speed to convey the atmosphere of hectic that dominates during the waiter's work at the coffee shop.

5. Finally, we took two contextual shots. One showing the heart-shaped template they use to put cocoa powder on top of the milk foam and another one of the delicious cakes that are served in the shop. 

Some additional shots: 

Contact Sheet: